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            hw-nan subjects protections is the Phase III trial of AIDSVAX which is a candidate HIV

            preventive vaccine tested for its efficacy in Bangkok, Thailand during March 1999 and
            completed i n November 200-3 ) and may serve as a good case study.


                     Since the pandemic of AIDS, and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV
            was found to be the etiologic agent, vaccine is considered to be a magic bullet to overcome

            this deadly disease. This belief stems from the history of Smallpox, the only one disease
            eradicated by human, the most important and effective weapon used is vaccine.



                     AIDSVAX is the first candidate HrV vaccine that has been tested for its efficacy
            in human being. There were two projects of Phase III trial of AIDSVAX in humans in three
            continents.


                     The first project was conducted in the US and Western Europe. The vaccine was

            made from the strain B and B which were prevalent in the areas where vaccine was tested.


                     The second project was conducted in Thailand which is a developing country.

            The vaccine was made from the strain B and E virus which were prevalent in Thailand.


                     The ethical concerns for the first project in the US and Western Europe was not
            as problematic since it was conducted in the developed countries where the system for
            human subjects protections has been well developed. But the second project conducted in

            Thailand h as f aced a I ot o f ethical debates, as AD:)S was a new emerging deadly
            disease. Although scientists around the world have put tremendous efforts to study and a lot
            of knowledge has been discovered and established, there are still many unknowns. One of

            a big ethical concern was the belief that people in developing countries will be used as
            guinea pig for drug or vaccine testing. There are many ethical questions, among others are
            as the following :
                     Ô Can vaccine cause HIV infection in the volunteers?
                     Ô Will subject who contract HIV later develop more severe clinical manifestations

                        than non vaccine recipients?
                     Ô Vaccine may cause seroconversion and result in positive blood test. Will this
                        lead to serious social problems, such as, stigmatization, discrimination, loss
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