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J Thai Trad Alt Med                                    Vol. 21  No. 3  Sep-Dec  2023  631




            µg/mL, respectively. However, in our study,   anti-inflammation, inhibition of tau protein
            all Kratom extracts exhibited higher anti-AChE   aggregation and accumulation of amyloid b,

            activity compared to their methanolic Kratom   as well as clinical trials, are necessary.
            extract, although mitragynine still showed       Regarding anti-diabetes, alpha-glucosi-
            superior activity. This finding confirmed the   dase inhibitors act by inhibiting the degrada-

                                            [17]
            effect of Kratom on AChE inhibition . Inter-  tion of disaccharide to monosaccharide as the
            estingly, Kratom extract demonstrated the   absorbable sugar formation causing the reduc-
                                                                                             [33]
            most significant inhibitory effects on BuChE,   tion of blood sugar level in diabetes patients .
            suggesting that it may provide substantial   The KE70 and KE50 exhibited moderate in-
            benefits for patients with chronic Alzheimer’s   hibitory activity on alpha-glucosidase which
                    [29]
            disease. Additionally, the relationship be-  was approximately three times lower than
            tween BuChE and the formation of b-amyloid   the positive drug, acarbose. These results
            plaques has been reported in the previous   were consistent with a previous study con-

                  [30]
            study . Other studies demonstrated that     ducted by Limcharoen and colleagues, which
            BuChE provided better benefits for late phase   demonstrated the potential inhibitory effects
            Alzheimer’s patients due to their tolerance to   of Kratom extracts on the alpha-glucosidase

            AChE inhibitors. [31-32]  With regard to phyto-  enzyme.  However, our study conducted dif-
                                                               [11]
            chemicals, we suggested that mitragynine and   ferent extraction solvent and method from their

            other indole alkaloids, which are prominent   study. Another study by Purintrapiban and
            constituents of Kratom may play an impor-   colleagues demonstrated that aqueous Kratom
                                       [17]
            tant role in inhibition of AChE  and BuChE.   extract increased glucose transport to muscle
            Furthermore, the high anti-oxidant activity of   cells by enhancing the activities of the key
            Kratom have been reported by several previous   enzymes that depend on insulin-stimulated
            studies [10,16,29]  which may encourage the benefit   glucose transport for their acute action in vitro.

            of Kratom in Alzheimer’s disease. Based on   Additionally, the extract increased the glucose
            these reasons, we suggest that Kratom extract   transporters (GLUT1) in long-term effect.
                                                                                              [12]
            may have potential as AChE and BuChE in-    These suggested the potential of Kratom as

            hibitors in Alzheimer’s disease. Nevertheless,   an anti-diabetes, however, further investiga-
            further investigations on activities associated   tion is required to identify the responsive

            with anti-Alzheimer’s disease both in vitro and   constituents, and conduct in vivo studies and
            in vivo, including neuroprotective activity,   clinical trials.
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